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"Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" ((:maˈzurɛɡ dɔmbrɔfˈskʲɛɡɔ), "Dąbrowski's Mazurka") is the national anthem of Poland.〔 }} 〕〔 〕〔 〕 It is also known by its original title, "" ((:pʲɛɕɲ lɛˈɡʲɔnuf ˈpɔlskʲiɣ vɛˈvwɔʂɛx), "Song of the Polish Legions in Italy").〔〔 English translations of its Polish incipit ("" (:ˈjɛʂt͡ʂɛ ˈpɔlska ɲɛ zɡʲiˈnɛwa)) include: "Poland has not yet perished",〔 "Poland has not perished yet",〔 "Poland is not lost",〔 〕 "Poland is not lost yet",〔 〕 and "Poland is not yet lost".〔 }} 〕 The lyrics were written by Józef Wybicki in Reggio Emilia, Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy, between 16 and 19 of July, 1797, two years after the Third Partition of Poland erased the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the map. It was originally meant to boost the morale of Polish soldiers serving under General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski's Polish Legions that served with Napoleon's French Revolutionary Army in the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars. "Dabrowski's Mazurka", expressing the idea that the nation of Poland, despite lack of independence, had not disappeared as long as the Polish people were still alive and fighting in its name, soon became one of the most popular patriotic songs in Poland.〔〔 The music is an unattributed mazurka and considered a "folk tune" that Polish composer Edward Pałłasz categorizes as "functional art" which was "fashionable among the gentry and rich bourgeoisie". Pałłasz opined that, "Wybicki probably made use of melodic motifs he had heard and combined them in one formal structure to suit the text".〔 It is "one of the most important songs of the Slavic nations."〔 The "text of the hymn was modified to suit new occasions and socio-political contexts" throughout the songs history.〔 When Poland re-emerged as an independent state in 1918, "Dabrowski's Mazurka" became its ''de facto'' anthem. It was officially adopted as the national anthem of the Republic of Poland in 1926.〔 It also inspired similar songs by other peoples struggling for independence during the 19th century.〔 One such anthem is "Hey Slavs". == Lyrics == The original lyrics, authored by Wybicki, were a poem consisting of six stanzas and a chorus repeated after all but last stanzas, all following an ABAB rhyme scheme. The official lyrics, based on a variant from 1806, show a certain departure from the original text. It misses two of the original stanzas and reverses the order of other two. Notably, the initial verse, "Poland has not yet died" was replaced with "Poland has not yet perished", suggesting a more violent cause of the nation's possible death.〔 〕 Wybicki's original manuscript was in the hands of his descendants until February 1944, when it was lost in Wybicki's great-great-grandson, Johann von Roznowski's home in Charlottenburg during the Allied bombing of Berlin. The manuscript is known today only from facsimile copies, twenty four of which were made in 1886 by Edward Rożnowski, Wybicki's grandson, who donated them to Polish libraries.〔 The main theme of the poem is the idea that was novel in the times of early nationalisms based on centralized nation-statesthat the lack of political sovereignty does not preclude the existence of a nation. As Adam Mickiewicz explained in 1842 to students of Slavic Literature in Paris, the song "The famous song of the Polish legions begins with lines that express the new history: Poland has not perished yet as long as we live. These words mean that people who have in them what constitutes the essence of a nation can prolong the existence of their country regardless of its political circumstances and may even strive to make it real again..."〔 The song also includes a call to arms and expresses the hope that, under General Dąbrowski's command, the legionaries would rejoin their nation and retrieve "what the alien force has seized" through armed struggle. The chorus and subsequent stanzas include heart-lifting examples of military heroes, set as role models for Polish soldiers: Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, Napoleon, Stefan Czarniecki and Tadeusz Kościuszko. Dąbrowski, for whom the anthem is named, was a commander in the failed 1794 Kościuszko Uprising against Russia. After the Third Partition in 1795, he came to Paris to seek French aid in re-establishing Polish independence and, in 1796, he started the formation of the Polish Legions, a Polish unit of the French Revolutionary Army. Bonaparte was, at the time when the song was written, a commander of the Italian campaign of French Revolutionary Wars and Dąbrowski's superior. Having already proven his skills as a military leader, he is described in the lyrics as the one "who has shown us ways to victory." Bonaparte is the only non-Polish person mentioned by name in the Polish anthem. Stefan Czarniecki was a 17th-century hetman (military commander), famous for his role in driving the Swedish army out of Poland after an occupation that had left the country in ruins and is remembered by Poles as the Deluge. With the outbreak of a Dano-Swedish War, he continued his fight against Sweden in Denmark, from where he "returned across the sea" to fight the invaders alongside the king who was then at the Royal Castle in Poznań. In the same castle, Józef Wybicki, started his career as a lawyer (in 1765). Kościuszko, mentioned in a stanza now missing from the anthem, became a hero of the American Revolutionary War before coming back to Poland to defend his native country from Russia in the war of 1792 and a national uprising he led in 1794. One of his major victories during the uprising was the Battle of Racławice where the result was partly due to Polish peasants armed with scythes. Alongside the scythes, the song mentioned other types of weaponry, traditionally used by the Polish ''szlachta'', or nobility: the sabre, known in Polish as ''szabla'', and the backsword. Basia (a female name, diminutive of Barbara) and her father are fictional characters. They are used to represent the women and elderly men who waited for the Polish soldiers to return home and liberate their fatherland. The route that Dąbrowski and his legions hoped to follow upon leaving Italy is hinted at by the words "we'll cross the Vistula, we'll cross the Warta", two major rivers flowing through the parts of Poland that were in Austrian and Prussian hands at the time. Current official lyrics〔 〕 Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, Kiedy my żyjemy. Co nam obca przemoc wzięła, Szablą odbierzemy. :Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski, :Z ziemi włoskiej do Polski. :Za twoim przewodem :Złączym się z narodem. Przejdziem Wisłę, przejdziem Wartę, Będziem Polakami. Dał nam przykład Bonaparte, Jak zwyciężać mamy. :Marsz, marsz... Jak Czarniecki do Poznania Po szwedzkim zaborze, Dla ojczyzny ratowania Wrócim się przez morze. :Marsz, marsz... Już tam ojciec do swej Basi Mówi zapłakany — Słuchaj jeno, pono nasi Biją w tarabany. :Marsz, marsz... English translation Poland has not yet perished, So long as we still live. What the alien force has taken from us, We shall retrieve with a sabre. :March, march, Dąbrowski, :From the Italian land to Poland. :Under your command :We shall rejoin the nation. We'll cross the Vistula and the Warta, We shall be Polish. Bonaparte has given us the example Of how we should prevail. :March, march... Like Czarniecki to Poznań After the Swedish occupation, To save our homeland, We shall return across the sea. :March, march... A father, in tears, Says to his Basia Listen, our boys are said To be beating the tarabans. :March, march... Original lyrics〔 (modern spelling) Jeszcze Polska nie umarła, Kiedy my żyjemy Co nam obca moc wydarła, Szablą odbijemy. :Marsz, marsz, Dąbrowski :Do Polski z ziemi włoski :Za twoim przewodem :Złączym się z narodem Jak Czarniecki do Poznania Wracał się przez morze Dla ojczyzny ratowania Po szwedzkim rozbiorze. :Marsz, marsz... Przejdziem Wisłę, przejdziem Wartę Będziem Polakami Dał nam przykład Bonaparte Jak zwyciężać mamy :Marsz, marsz... Niemiec, Moskal nie osiędzie, Gdy jąwszy pałasza, Hasłem wszystkich zgoda będzie I ojczyzna nasza :Marsz, marsz... Już tam ojciec do swej Basi Mówi zapłakany Słuchaj jeno, pono nasi Biją w tarabany :Marsz, marsz... Na to wszystkich jedne głosy Dosyć tej niewoli Mamy racławickie kosy Kościuszkę Bóg pozwoli. English translation Poland has not yet died, So long as we still live. What the alien power has seized from us, We shall recapture with a sabre. :March, march, Dąbrowski, :To Poland from the Italian land. :Under your command :We shall rejoin the nation. Like Czarniecki to Poznań Returned across the sea To save his homeland After the Swedish partition. :March, march... We'll cross the Vistula and the Warta, We shall be Polish. Bonaparte has given us the example Of how we should prevail. :March, march... The German nor the Muscovite will settle When, with a backsword in hand, "Concord" will be everybody's watchword And so will be our fatherland. :March, march... A father, in tears, Says to his Basia Listen, our boys are said To be beating the tarabans. :March, march... All exclaim in unison, "Enough of this slavery!" We've got the scythes of Racławice, Kościuszko, if God wills. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Poland Is Not Yet Lost」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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